The device will see power, but very little else. USB chargers could leave the two data pins floating, tied together, or exhibiting various resistances between pins. Depending on what it's supposedly built for charging.
Here's a link to start you off with.
http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/123172/what-i...
Most usb devices will look for data before thinking about initialising.
Hard way to solve your problem:
If you wanted to power it up and set it up for a certain configuration without a PC, you'd probably be best off starting to sniff the usb bus and possibly play back the results (YMMV) with an arduino or similar.
You'd need something along the lines of a bus pirate to do all that https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Pirate
Less Hard Way:
Or if you're a software person, you could just sniff the usb bus of a virtual machine, but I imagine that you may miss certain bits of handshaking, then program an arduino or similar appropriately
Easier way:
If the device has linux drivers you could hunt down a raspberry pi zero (or a regular one, or beagle bone or any number of other ARM linux boards) and just drive it from that.
