This is where complexity theory comes in; you want a proof that is checkable in polynomial time; listing examples one by one to prove something is not such a proof. If instead the question asked, solve x^3 = 8192; a proof iterating from 0 uptil the cube root of 8192 wouldn't work, because that's exponential in the problem size.
Brute force search to get a counter example to the Reimann hypothesis produces a solution that is checkable in polynomial time; you just evaluate the Reimann-zeta function at the produced point.