To protect against NPEs you need to make nullable and non-nullable types different and forbid the programming from trying to use a nullable value without doing a null check first (doing a null check returns a non-nullable reference in case of success). One example of this is any of the languages with Albegraic Data Types, where it is super easy to create an Option type that encapsulates this concept.

For an example of preventing use-after-free there is the typesystem used in Rust. It is based on the theory of linear types, which lets you have operations that mark a value as "used" and forbid you from using it again after that point. The same system is used to protect against data races because you can guarantee that a value is only accessible from one thread at a time.