Edit: By the way, regarding the vulnerability, ANY password you use when you first attempt to login as root BECOMES root's new password. (Blank is a red herring.)
So if you're going to test this, maybe use something non-obvious. In a terminal, setting a strong password for root with "sudo passwd" is the quickest mitigation.
Ill-advised, but in a pinch, you can apparently 'secure' a machine you don't otherwise have access to by attempting to log in as root with a long random password you fail to remember. An admin on that machine can later change root's password with a "sudo passwd".
Also, it appears the "dseneableroot -d" command suggested elsewhere here fails in preventing root login.