It covers about half of these gotchas by laying out how the defer statement works in plain English. The other half (like how closures work inside loops in Go) are covered elsewhere in the language tour.
I do really like the visualizations! Makes it very clear how these mechanics work.
Btw, the first part was more advanced (but again for beginners and intermediate gophers) -> https://blog.learngoprogramming.com/gotchas-of-defer-in-go-1...
I fell to these when I was learning Go for the first time and then I've seen many people also did so. There is no rule like these are gotchas for everyone.
C++/CLI is a language that targets a garbage-collected runtime, yet has full-fledged RAII semantics (they're mapped to CLR Dispose pattern).
Swift and D also have garbage collectors and support RAII.
And since I already see it coming, reference counting is a garbage collection implementation algorithm in computer science literature.
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
i := i // Creates a *new* `i`
defer func() { … something with i … }
go func() { … something with i … }
}Lua 5.0 made just one loop variable per loop, like Go apparently does. When I first ran into this behavior, I thought that, although it wasn't what I expected, it made at least as much sense as what I was expecting. Since then, every single time I've been in a situation where the two ways of doing it gave different results, I've wanted the "separate variable for each iteration" behavior, so I was glad when Lua's creators changed loop variables to work like this in Lua 5.1.
(Before this change I would just do the Lua equivalent of your "Creates a new `i`" line.)
Shadowing bites you sooner or later if it becomes a habit and gains you almost nothing in real terms. I keep running into subtle nasties in coworkers' commits from quick'n'dirty-that-stayed "convenience" shadowings. Need I say `err`.. of course linters help, but aren't a given in a "bring-your-own chosen dev-env" team. =)
Very often yes I do.
Go encourages synchronous APIs, making it up to the caller to add concurrency. This is great, in my opinion. E.g. this is a common pattern:
var wg sync.WaitGroup
ch := make(chan int, len(items))
for _, item := range items {
item := item
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
defer wg.Done()
ch <- doSomething(item)
}()
}
wg.Wait()
close(ch)
for res := range ch {
…
}
foo, err := openFileOrSomething()
defer foo.Close()
[… do something …]
err := foo.Close()
I'm curious what good use-case there is for this, that the language bothered to support and allow this to even compile.
Duplicate variable name declaration + referencing in the same scope is unintuitive at best, and just seems wrong.
The reason why this idiom feels "weird" is that the loop construct of the language really ought to automatically make a fresh instance of the loop counter for each trip through the loop.
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
defer func(i int) {
fmt.Println(i)
}(i)
}
func f() {
x := ...
if x.something() {
x.doSomethingEarlier()
defer x.cleanup()
}
// use x however you like
}
func f() {
x := ...
if x.something() {
x.doSomethingEarlier()
defer x.cleanup()
// use x however you like
} else {
// use x however you like
}
}
On the flip-side is of course that this doesn't work like most would probably want in function-scoped:
for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
x := get(i)
defer x.cleanup()
x.whatever()
}
for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
x := get(i)
func() {
defer x.cleanup()
x.whatever()
}()
}
So what I really wish was that languages used dot notation to go up scope eg ..name is that name two blocks out. This was one of the good parts of VB syntax which I miss in other languages. Think how much nicer it is than python's nonlocal and global, for example!
I would love to be able to explicitly affect other scopes as you mention, for example to define two classes at the same time.