Theory is important but what's more important is how someone applies the theory to actual problem solving.

Reversing a binary tree isn't testing your knowledge of theory as much as it's really just testing memorization of a very very specific application. Knowing how to reverse a binary tree or how a hash map works is pointless if the person can't identify when to use them when solving an actual higher level problem. No one is ever given a binary tree and told to reverse it in the real world, they are given a business problem that you identify can be solved efficiently by modelling it as a binary tree and reversing it.

I'd bet most of the good people who fail the "reverse a binary tree" type of questions would succeed if you give them a realistic problem to solve without forcing a very specific solution onto them. Either they will come up to the realization that the solution is to think of the problem in terms of binary tree or they won't.

And neither is a terribly bad answer either. If they recognize you gave them a problem that can be represented as a binary tree and efficiently solved by reversing it then there you go, not only did you prove they knew the "theory" but they knew how to apply it as well. If they don't recognize it you gain valuable insight into their line of thinking and they might find novel ways to represent the problem and apply other theoretical concepts that solve it efficiently (maybe more maybe less).

OK but why don’t these interviewers ever ask “internals” questions? How does a CPU works, or what the different levels of memory hierarchy are, what an interrupt request is, what is pipelining, what is SIMD, what is a GPU, etc. Or how about compiler internals, what are the different stages in a compilers, what are the different grammars and parsers, what is an AST, what is interpretation, compilation, bytecode, JIT, and how does it work? How about database internals? How is a database implemented, what is relational algebra, what is normalization, what is a data model, how do indices work? Similar questions can be asked about operating system internals, networking, floating point arithmetic, etc. In my experience, no interviewer has ever asked me these questions. And as an interviewer, I have consistently been disappointed with candidates’ inability to answer basic and relevant “internals” questions. Ironically, the algorithms and data structures questions that are commonly asked in interviews are outdated ways of thinking which do not take the underlying hardware reality into account (memory hierarchy and parallelism). It could be because a lot of these FANG(-like) “engineers” are themselves not knowledgeable to ask such questions. Or they are aware that new comp sci graduates are unlikely to really understand anything at a deep level, but all comp sci students are drilled on algorithms and data structures. If you are targeting a very specific age group (0-5 years experience) and want a standardized test then I guess asking CS201 exam questions in a job interview make sense. Companies prefer the 0-5yrs experience segment because they’re cheap, don’t have children, are easy to exploit, and they are easier to “mold” into your corporate culture.

If I were hiring a carpenter I would want to know they understand their tools and when to use them. I don't care if they don't know how to make them. But of course knowing how to make them suggests an intimate appreciation for the craft (looking your way Matthias Wandel)

My beef with this in interviewing is that a huge chunk of modern programming work is developing UIs - and user interface theory and skills are treated like some softball thing. You ask UI-related questions to interviewers and half the time you get some shrug "oh we use whatever", etc.

On the flip side, the O(1) look-up nature of hash tables make them the no-brainer data structure to use, at least for passing programming interviews. Perhaps more interesting test questions would be when not to use hash tables.

That sort of thing might give a better sense of if someone has an instinct for how to verify whether the code is working. And, by extension, if they have a grasp of some concepts that go a long way toward helping a person come up with more reliable and maintainable designs.