Every penny of revenue earned by those companies is by fraud.
There simply has to be some major skullduggery afoot.
The internal GDS seem to be bucking the trend, delivering good services and contributing to OSS. Surely this demonstrates that an internal team is a better way? Even if they don't deliver entire projects themselvea, they could lead them from a requirements, architect and tech perspective, and have sway over which firm gets the outsourced part.
Cough, pharmaceutical cos, doctors, social media & search giants, car manufacturing giants. Any of these ring a bell?
[1]As in, the above (your) definition of fraud i.e. misleading customers, by deliberately under delivering and over promising. With this definition, many businesses and accepted practices are fraud.
IMO, true fraud is what VW with their cheating device. Facebook did with integrating WhatsApp profiles. Theranos did with fake IP. Opioid manufacturers do by indirectly incentivising doctors. Don't you think so too?
Yes, I agree that Tata and similar companies are on the level of Theranos.
You have at least a dozen comments on this thread defending these practices and pointing fingers at the likes of Theranos as if that's a good justification. If someone needs Theranos to look good they must be pretty shady. Your line of argumentation sounds very biased.
All of it is fraud. Regardless. Promising results with the intention of not sticking to it is fraud.
