It's much more common than just Elixir programmers. It's a common concept in computer science, particularly in functional programming or languages which permit function overloading on arguments.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arity
Edit to add: I've heard and used arity for at least 10 years, in particular in the Clojure community. I've heard of Elixir and understand it shares some common ideas with Clojure and Ruby, but never been a part of its community.