Yes, via ACH/SEPA Direct Debit but I don't believe it's common outside of Europe.
Processors, like First Data, will know at the point of transaction if it's a credit card, debit card, or even a prepaid card. Though it's been a few years, I remember the Adyen API returning all of this in the pre-auth response (had a business that didn't accept payments from prepaid cards, fraud was too high).
It's also possible this is encoded in the BIN/IIN (1st 6 digits), but my memory is fuzzy on the specifics.