A few examples of things it adds that are not widely available in JS (if at all, or requiring awkward hacks/hints in JS), off the top of my head:
int64
uint32
popcnt
copysign
reinterpret_cast equivalent (the js hack for this is abysmal)
pthreads
SIMD
AOT compilation
To be fair, it's been a while since I was last one of the authors of the webassembly spec, so I could be missing some things.