After reading that section of the book i think the language property you're after is 'highly synthetic':

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_language

There's a spectrum between synthetic and analytic languages ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_language#Synthetic_a... ) and those closer to the synthetic end are the ones giving you trouble.

Polish will be subtype of synthetic called fusional/inflected which means things need to be adjusted to fit together, agglutinative languages are those that use mainly agglutination where morphemes are stuck together as is:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language

Since it's a spectrum / categorization based on features, all languages will show these features to various degrees. E.g. the famous "anti|dis|establish|ment|ari|an|ism" in english and "anty|samo|u|bez|przedmiot|owia|nie" as a similar example in polish (both from https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglutynacyjno%C5%9B%C4%87 ), or more humble "houseboat" or "bitwise".

There are also polysynthetic languages, which is the name for the extreme of this spectrum, but there are no familiar examples of these (Mayan languages, Ainu, Inuit, Aleut are only i recognize from those mentioned on wikipedia).