Doing this is quite easy from Rust.
> You'd need a third-party crate, at which point it's less "easy in Rust" and more "someone did the hard work for you"
"Someone did the work for you" is true of all code that you did not write yourself, independently of whether that code is easy or hard to write, or whether it is in the standard library or not.
unicode-segmentation is pretty much the only library of its kind in Rust, is super easy to discover (google "Rust grapheme cluster", "Rust unicode segmentation", etc.), and using it is as easy as just typing "cargo add unicode-segmentation".
The library is maintained by a Rust core team member, a Rust standard library team member, is used by servo and firefox, and is the only unicode segmentation library that people use.
Since many programs don't need to do any kind of unicode segmentation, making it part of the standard library sounds like a bad idea. In particular, given that unicode is a moving standard, it would mean that people stuck on old Rust toolchains (e.g. LTS linux distros) cannot create binaries that do proper unicode segmentation, which does not make sense.
The underlying problem is that many programmers do not know that they need to do unicode segmentation in the first place. Moving this into the standard library does not fix that problem either.
That has nothing to do with it. You could still have a library that has the very latest Unicode standard support for those that need the very latest, and keep updating the stdlib one.
It does not make sense either to expect someone to use bleeding edge libraries from cargo yet use an old rustc compiler. They can easily update it if needed.