I take it that you're imagining a case like this:

  try {
    var result = mightFail();
  }
  catch {
    handleError();
  }
  finally {
    cleanup();
  }

  print(result) // we don't want to allow this

That's true, the scoping protects you from making that mistake. However, the more common case is this:

  try {
    var result = mightFail();
  }
  finally { // let the exception bubble up
    cleanup();
  }

  print(result); // this must be OK, but I can't do it in Java

There are two things I can do to fix the latter case. I can either declare the variable outside the block, adding a silly-looking extra line of code, or I can move the print() within the block, which can be problematic -- it means that if print() were something time-consuming, I would be holding onto the resource during print() for no reason. I think this is a crappy thing to force onto the programmer.