Yep! They do. But the book-universe has largely landed on similar definitions for what a "work" is.
E.g. here's GoodReads work id (in the url): https://www.goodreads.com/work/editions/69741-the-old-man-an...
Here's works/editions in schema.org: https://schema.org/CreativeWork (work) ; https://schema.org/Book (edition)
Here's works/editions in Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47461344 (work) ; https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3331189 (edition) (e.g.: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19320911 )
All of these are loosely based on the FRBR model in librarian science, where a work is a work, and an edition is called an "Expression": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bi...
And yeah, there's no isbn-analog for series; each site has its own identifier.
Also as a side-note, ISBNs are very inadequate as a unique identifier for an edition; there are frequent cases where an ISBN will be re-used for books with different covers (Dover classics does this a bunch); some modern books published in odd ways are not given an ISBN (e.g. all of these books: https://sorted.club/books/ ); and, most importantly, books published before ISBNs went into effect (~1970) have _no way_ of being accessible when using ISBNs as a unique key.