Well I'm talking about decisions about different things by different people 1) running exams (institution level - run centrally), 2) creating bespoke purpose-designed online courses (mostly department level). The decision about exam invigilation was made at the institutional level, where 10 is a small number of online students for a course, and they have dozens of courses to worry about. For most of the institution's courses, other solutions don't scale, and for the institution as a whole they definitely don't. The course with 10 online students may only run online this year, and it takes hundreds of additional hours to make a purpose-designed online course (we're doing that for other courses where the material will be reused).
The oral exams I moderated didn't seem like they could scale past 20 students. The reason our online students are online is almost always because they are overseas, and the majority of them have limited English. In that context, orals are discriminatory, stressful, and very slow.
I'm in NZ. Our universities have mostly been operating in person as normal (i.e. costing just as much) with far fewer international students (who bring in money), except in addition we have comparatively small numbers of resource-intensive online students as well, and are attempting to bring parts of entire degree programs online for the first time.
