There is a diff tool [0], and an online backup tool [1]. That kinda thing should be pretty easy to cobble together. You'll just need ~3x disk space to store 2 backups at an interval, diff them and discard the older backup, then apply backward diffs on your most recent backup to achieve a specific backup time.

EDIT: or maybe the Session Extension [2]

[0]: https://www.sqlite.org/sqldiff.html

[1]: https://www.sqlite.org/backup.html

[2]: https://www.sqlite.org/sessionintro.html

Litestream may be able to do that on top of SQLite: https://litestream.io

See the -timestamp option here: https://litestream.io/reference/restore/