This is what big O (also little O and little omega) notation is all about. Unfortunately, all the resources I know of teach it as pure mathematics, so they require a firm grasp of mathematical proofs to understand the details and implications.
With that said I highly recommend the classic Introduction to Algorithms (CLRS for short) by Cormen et Al. It is written in clear and straightforward language. And the lectures on MIT OCW by Erik Demaine are outstanding.
By reading and watching the lectures I deeply understood stuff that I had just muddled through previously.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Algorithms