I would be careful with the term "cause". There is a symbiotic relationship between the application and the database. Or, if talking to a DBA...a database and its applications. Most databases can store any sets of arbitrary information...but how they are stored (read: structure) must take into account how the data is to be used. When the database designer can be told up-front (by the app dev team) considerations can be made to optimize performance along whatever vector is most desired (e.g. read speed, write speed, consistency, concurrency, etc). Most database performance issues result when these considerations are left out. Related: Just because a query works (ie. returns the right data) does not mean it's the best query.