The way quantum computers are purported to work, is they search a problem space simultaneously for all solutions, then spit out the correct solution.
It could be a factorisation problem, or any other.
for cryptography find x and y when f(x,y)=z given z
That is what "post quantum computing" means, aiui. It starts with x and y in all possible values of x and y, then spits out only the values that give z.
All encryption is only as strong as the difficulty of finding x and y given only z.
AIUI anyway. well aware I could have been misled - FUD.