AFAIK the big ones have always been free, except for Netscape between 1995 and 1998.
Netscape was sold for $50 [2]
Opera was sold (can't find the price) [3]
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Plus!#Microsoft_Plus!_for_Windows_95
[2]: https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/netscape-navigator-2-0-hits-the-streets/
[3]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081013235150/http://my.opera.com/Rijk/blog/2006/02/15/rendering-engines-and-code-namesthere have been countless examples of watch-ads-get-X schemes. I remember back in the dialup era it was seen as a way to get online. (then fortunately technology and the market progressed and these died out.)
also, let's not forget that the browser market was always fucked up.
Ads should show you things that you needed anyway; things you wouldn't have known to look for, or didn't find when you did. Things that actually solve problems that you actually have, where you see the utility as soon as you see them.
For example, 45drives has their ads down. They contain nothing more than a little joke, a product image, and a link to their website. You'll know if you need it; they're not trying to market to you or convince you of anything. They know you will come when you're ready.
Advertising culture is currently extremely hostile and I hate it.