I can't read the study (published in India?), but I would dispute the data.

> This hasn’t worked for lithium batteries, partly because so many formats exist. “These batteries are all over the place in different sizes,” he said. A related challenge is that the technology for lithium batteries changes rapidly — every one to two years, he said.

(edit: I found a working link to the article: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41745-021-00269-7)

Apple is not throwing lithium batteries into landfills, and it is the one doing the replacement. Tesla is definitely not doing this, so what is left?

Probably those lithium rechargeable batteries you can buy on Amazon?

Do you think Apple stores recycle more or less than that 1% figure?

And how is 1% of only batteries worse than throwing away the entire phone?

Show me any lithium battery-powered device that would last longer. They are all in the same ballpark and this is simply inherent in the way this tech works. Once another battery type surfaces in mobiles this might change, but still then you won’t get any meaningful differences as there is no order of magnitude difference between even the best and worst phones in power consumption and battery capacity.