Much of philosopher Elliot Temple’s work is about how to think better. That’s a big topic which includes, among many other things:

- becoming aware of and fixing mistakes (https://www.elliottemple.com/essays/life-overreaching-correc...)

- identifying and working with bottlenecks (https://criticalfallibilism.com/most-factors-arent-borderlin...)

- managing your error rate for faster progress (https://fallibleideas.com/gradualism)

- becoming more honest (https://www.elliottemple.com/essays/lying)

- evaluating ideas using binary criteria (e.g., does idea X have important property Y), as opposed to continuous criteria (e.g., how good is idea X on a scale of 1-10) (https://yesornophilosophy.com)

Temple put a lot of thought into what might be called interventions for adults who want to improve their thinking (such as OP). One of those interventions is learning to speedrun a video game (https://curi.us/2198-mario-odyssey-discussion). Temple argues that many of the things you learn as part of speedrunning can help you learn to think better in general.