This leaves out a third way to analyze the situation, which is to look at culture. Culture includes values/valences, which are the core of situation evaluation, which drives all decision making, which is the biggest driving factor behind individual outcomes. This is also used in algorithms such as chess engines. If a group has bad values for some reason, they will undoubtedly do worse. Value systems spread to those around you, which is how you get the effect of becoming like the people you hang out with. The effect of value propogation is increased wrt the values of your parents and other role models.

Many people have an incentive to push for the conclusion "it is because of money" or "it is because of racism" but these both divert away from (what I see as) the root cause of minority groups doing worse, and it also hurts these groups by diverting away from the solution (which can be applied on an individual level to great effect). One example of how this is applied irl is people associating with others who they want to be like. I know someone who was doing ok in school, but when they started to hang out with straight A students, they adopted their values and started to make decisions like them, eventually getting amazing grades and becoming co-validictorian. I assume the values in this case were more positive valences regarding studying hard and working hard and school and long term thinking, among others. I had an extremely difficult period of my life and adopting good values (eventually I became Christian) helped me to completely turn my life around, and now I feel I have an amazing and meaningful life. If not for my different values, leading to my different decisions, I would not be in a different situation.

"People are disadvantaged due to their values" is likely the problem, and seeing it provides a solution that can be applied to fix group issues on an individual level. Racism and poverty are factors that influence success but this is by far the biggest one. If you adopt this mindset and apply it to your life you will do better than the group statistics and so will everyone else you convince. Many people will be incentivized to not listen, or even to be open minded, but those who do will be significantly changed for the rest of their lives. At the end of the day though, it is up to the individual