For example, this is professor Wael Hallaq of Columbia University describing some defining characteristics of the modern state:
"there are five form-properties possessed by the modern state without which it cannot, at this point in history, be properly conceived. These are:
(1) its constitution as a historical experience that is fairly specific and local;
(2) its sovereignty and the metaphysics to which it has given rise;
(3) its legislative monopoly and the related feature of monopoly over so-called legitimate violence;
(4) its bureaucratic machinery; and
(5) its cultural- hegemonic engagement in the social order, including its production of the national subject"
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