Aligning incentives is harder in some jobs/industries than others, so for the hard ones, behavior would tend toward X, and for easier ones, behavior would tend toward Y.
Anyway the words and the details have changed but the fundamental relationship is still the same, and I think fits what you're describing as well. Left alone a worker would optimize for a safer or less stressful environment, or a shorter workday, over surplus production. But that surplus remains the resource that supports the lifestyle of people higher up in the hierarchy. You can only align these interests so far and they will never perfectly match.
An non-brainwashed family would probably work less if they realized that they can optimize for resilience and regain their freedom.
Good luck turning off the media.
Then add the foundational component called debt(financial,other types) to these relationships and you really have a match for your model.
Have you found any particularly good resources/books on this?
FWIW I loved Alvin Roth’s “Who gets what and why” which is about market design mostly.
That's the thesis of Culture of Narcissism (1979) by Christoper Lasch.
E.g. doordash drivers are clearly X, and engineering teams are usually Y
I don't think anyone in management turns up thinking I want to create the most toxic work environment and work only with folks who are not good at anything or need the whip. Even the best intrinsically motivated people need an environment and challenge to rise to the occasion of doing their best work. Sometimes it's peer competition, at other times it's unreasonable deadlines.
On an individual level our desires and goals are fairly mimetic. Our motivation to do work is a function of our desires, goals and the difficulty level of the problem. A bunch of the observations around theory x/theory y doesn't account for what individual motivation is and how is it derived.
A lot of this literature stems from older generational simpler classification models around how to influence human motivation. In classical Indian literature, a famous Indian philosopher Chanakya talks about Saam, Daam, Dand, Bhed to get things done. Translated it means - persuasion, price, penalty and coercion to get things done.
While philosophically we can lean in on similar models applied to management - the key here is a lot of these theoretical models need evolution to really apply to individuals and situations.
Yes, I think the mistake some people make when seeing there are multiple possible frameworks for something that has to do with human behavior is that instead testing and seeing which model fits and works best to explain the existing system, they apply their own biases as to what they want to work or how they assume people work and then try to alter the existing system to match the model rather than alter the model to match how the system is actually working.
We use models because they're easier to reason about and use as approximations, not because they're necessarily 100% correct. When they fit well they allow us to come close to the correct answer quickly most the time. Theory X and theory Y are never going to match a work environment perfectly, and even if it appears one matches well at one point based on the people and type of work being done, there's not guarantee is can't shift to the other over time either through concerted effort or through myriad small changes in the work done or the workforce doing it.
Anyone in management should not only try to determine how the people the manage function and respond both individually and as a group, but continually check their knowledge against reality for change. I've seen workplaces change from fairly happy to extremely unhappy and toxic over time, and while sometimes it seemed like outside factors had an effect (budget and how well the company was doing), other times it felt quite a bit like the management was just completely oblivious to how people felt and how their decisions affected people. I find that people are fairly understanding of the former, and can forgive some or all of it when the problem is gone, but they're much less forgiving of the latter since it destroys trust.
Something like software development transcends Theory X & Y because nobody quite knows what the job is and therefore motivation is not the main factor in whether something happens.
Wait, what?
I have the polar opposite conclusion: that in software the outcomes are so difficult to measure that motivation is the primary reason why something happens, as lack of visibility of outcomes makes it very difficult for management to impose a traditional rewards based system to manage behaviors.
Theory X is very convenient for those in charge. No need to think hard - just pull out the whip.
In my experience it takes very little application of Theory X to create enough resentment (even if hidden) to make highly creative work impossible. If you want people to do creative work, Theory Y is your best approach.
Those with executive function challenges like ADHD gain increased executive function if doing what they should is also pleasurable. It takes a long time to recondition such people to this, but Theory Y does so. That said, in the short term Theory X may work better. But the long term matters more.
Some of the best advice that I know for moving an organization towards Theory Y is in Tribal Leadership, https://www.amazon.com/Tribal-Leadership-Leveraging-Thriving....
In the modern day you might see these styles described as command-and-control versus servant leadership:
https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explaine...
(don't be put off by the source, it's actually a decent piece)
https://twitter.com/dvsj_in/status/1674481301880213504?t=4t3...
> He chose instead to pursue a psychology degree at what is now Wayne State University in Detroit. After two years, he married, dropped out of college, and worked as a gas station attendant in Buffalo, New York. By 1930 he had risen to the rank of regional gas station manager.
> McGregor decided to resume his studies while also working part-time. He completed a B.A. in 1932 from Wayne State University.
> Soon after graduation, he entered Harvard University where he studied for three years, earning an M.A. and Ph.D. in psychology.
You can apply this to tech workers too but probably on the next income ladder step: if I know I’ll never stand a chance of serious wealth creation because I have zero equity, remind me why I’m supposed to ignore my family all evening to meet some “KPI”?
( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_OK_%E2%80%93_You%27re_OK )
The phrase I'm OK, You're OK is one of four "life positions" that each of us may take. The four positions are:
I'm Not OK, You're OK
I'm Not OK, You're Not OK
I'm OK, You're Not OK
I'm OK, You're OK
Put another way -- without thinking about it, people's instinct to imitate superiors creates a collection of simple substitution ciphers. And these ciphers continually mutate, as those powerful people emit more randomness.
It's a lot like "Hail Vectron" from That Mitchell and Webb Look, except it has the structure of a bijection mapping meaningful words to arbitrary ones.
For another example, see how Davos people talk about "Blue Hydrogen", and other hues of the colorless gas.
I am sure you can think of examples from your own workplace.
Anyway, this "Theory X" and "Theory Y" stuff clearly appeals to the same impulse. What are "X" and "Y"? If you don't know, it's your turn to be shamed! Join the mystery cult!
I'm being a little too cynical. The other reason these empty signifiers pop up is that good names are hard to coin. Words carry connotations that you may not want. It's sometimes easier to start with an abstract symbol and populate it with meaning over the course of an entire paragraph.
But that's never the best thing. You do that only because you couldn't come up with a better name.
Some decent words here would be "extrinsic"(=X) and "intrinsic"(=Y), with both adjectives implicitly modifying the noun "reward" or "motivation".
> For McGregor, Theory X and Theory Y are not opposite ends of the same continuum, but rather two different continua in themselves. In order to achieve the most efficient production, a combination of both theories may be appropriate.
This matches my own experiences in that I tend to default to Theory Y but will flex into Theory X depending on the circumstances.
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004IK9U1S
He falls into the Theory Y camp, which I know as Servant Leadership. It's considered a classic management book, and I can see why. He really was a radical. When you read it (and you should), remember that it's a product of it's time and allow for the language.
I don't believe that the next great leap in human rights will come from more unions and worker's rights (although those are important right-now steps too). I believe it will come from democratizing ownership -- giving everyone their own piece of the pie that they can cultivate. One way to do that is to use AI and automation to replace not the low-level workers, but the towering edifice of bullshit management jobs. Can we get automation and AI to the point where everyone can use it to enjoy self-proprietorship of whatever their labor is? Can we extend the "gig economy" so far that every tradesman out there is running his own company, with almost all the meta-work of running the company outsourced to an AI? Not centralized like Uber, but decentralized; democratized? That (plus a healthy dose of basic income) feels like the only escape from this hellscape of cancerous capitalism where the Business Caste who already own everything just continue to feast upon the blood of workers and investors alike in a global Tragedy of the Commons until nothing is left but the fetid husks of once-productive corporations.
