The Zen of R (opens in new tab)

Map and subset would be discouraged, they are just wrappers around the apply functions and [] anyway.

What sort of tasks have you found where it really shines?

Aside: One of the things that I really don’t like about R coming from a background in other programming languages is that a function is evaluated before its arguments; i.e. an expression passed as a parameter to a function is not a value but is an implicit lambda, to be evaluated multiple times somewhere inside the function.

For example:

  replicate(2, rnorm(2))

creates a 2x2 matrix of independent random values. Whereas:

  x <- rnorm(2)
  replicate(2, x)

Instead creates a 2x2 matrix with a single random value for each row, repeated across all columns. And so if you want to decompose it, you need to do:

  x <- function() rnorm(2)
  replicate(2, x())

Which will re-call x twice inside the replicate function.

Nice! I think you found the happy medium between the OPs two methods. His first is too long which creates more dependency on being able to read the language and his second is too short which creates more dependence on knowing the functions he's working with. It's very interesting to me as I study readability quite a bit: both long and short coding styles aren't as good as medium.

You're absolutely on track here

The way he did it is nice and minimal, and in 2 months when you go back to change something you will have no idea what you did.

I've had to do a few things in R and I always dread revisiting my code. Half the time it's easier and faster to just rewrite everything.

The extent of my experience with R was a couple of somewhat introductory statistics courses, so I’m not the best person to answer probably.

But I like dealing with numpy/scipy much, much more than R. Python as a language is I think much better designed, and numpy is a really nice tool for interacting with multidimensional arrays. When I write Python code, or read Python code written by anyone competent, I find program intent very easy to design/follow. Most of the R code I’ve seen “in the wild” is kind of a mess, because it is written by non-programmers many of whom have little experience or concept of code style. Additionally, as soon as a program has to do anything other than statistical analysis (examples: text munging, internet scraping, network communication, dealing with file formats, user interaction, etc.) Python is miles ahead.

The big advantages of R that I saw: (1) it has become the tool of choice in the academic statistics community, meaning that there is quite a lot of existing code for doing various sophisticated things, some of which you might have to implement yourself in Python, (2) it has some really nice graphing tools, (3) there seemed to be a few examples where a particular few lines of R code were more compact and clearer than the equivalent Python (can’t think of anything off-hand though).

I'm a pythonist - use it all the time. Except when I need to do some stats or graphing, and then it's R all the way. The R language is ugly, and warty, but it's awesomely powerful. Hell, the graphing library ggplot2 (http://had.co.nz/ggplot2/) is worth it by itself.

I'm not really a big fan of R but I have found it to be advantageous to use for some things. In particular, the big advantage of R is the huge user community. You can find a huge number of packages to use for many non-trivial tasks. Also the graphics tools are in my opinion superior to scipy.

That's an interesting point. In fact, the expectation of the random walk is always the same as its starting value, because, although most of the walks go to 0 like you observed, there are very occasionally walks that drift upward to astronomical values.

As for the usefulness of this kind of walk: the process we're modelling is an evolutionary one, where the rate of change is fixed (in this case within the species) and we'd like to detect 'random' (non-selected) evolutionary paths by comparing simulations to historical data.

That's a matter of perspective. Folds and scans exist for all regular data types, not only arrays, so I consider this a part of functional programming and type theory.

Here he is computing the history of states of a random walk as scan (*) initial updates. If you wanted to simulate branching random walks, you'd work over the data type of multiway trees instead of arrays, but the algorithm to compute the history of intermediate states would otherwise be identical, using the scan function for multiway trees.

Writing the code did not take him several months; that's just the period of time he utilized this code. During that time, he tweaked it for evolving requirements. What took a couple of months was the path to his epiphany.

"modifying it on and off as research questions changed": he wasn't just writing that code.