Small clarification - early detection is most often curative and cheap.
The really expensive part is that several advanced stage cancers (even IV with widely disseminated metastatic disease) now survive for many years on treatments costing low to mid 6 figures/year.
It actually provides a pretty good incentive for insurers to cover screening and early detection beyond what is mandated by law.
> It actually provides a pretty good incentive for insurers to cover screening and early detection beyond what is mandated by law.
The evidence in favor of mass screening programs in the hope of early detection is actually weak to non-existent [1].
> In total, 2 111 958 individuals enrolled in randomized clinical trials comparing screening with no screening using 6 different tests were eligible. Median follow-up was 10 years for computed tomography, prostate-specific antigen testing, and colonoscopy; 13 years for mammography; and 15 years for sigmoidoscopy and FOBT. The only screening test with a significant lifetime gain was sigmoidoscopy (110 days; 95% CI, 0-274 days). There was no significant difference following mammography (0 days: 95% CI, −190 to 237 days), prostate cancer screening (37 days; 95% CI, −37 to 73 days), colonoscopy (37 days; 95% CI, −146 to 146 days), FOBT screening every year or every other year (0 days; 95% CI, −70.7 to 70.7 days), and lung cancer screening (107 days; 95% CI, −286 days to 430 days).
There are large institutions, both nonprofit and commercial, which stand to gain by convincing people that mass screening is useful and important. The available scientific evidence does not support their position.
[1] https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullar...
What you want to do is look at stage at presentation, treatment costs by stage, and screening costs. These were done for nearly every recommended screening program.
The available evidence behind currently recommended screening programs unequivocally shows improved cancer-specific survival and earlier stage at diagnosis.
> What you want to do is
No, what I want to do is assess whether broad screening programs actually make people live longer. Overall survival is the correct metric. Evidence in favor of the claim is lacking.
> none of the studies are sufficiently powered for OS.
"Sufficiently powered" is relative to what size of effect you want to detect--which you haven't specified, so I'm not sure how you can make the assertion that none of the studies are sufficiently powered.
> The available evidence behind currently recommended screening programs unequivocally shows improved cancer-specific survival and earlier stage at diagnosis.
These outcomes ignore negative effects of screening on people who don't have cancer, which is why I'm not interested in them. And yes, there are negative effects, and no, they are not negligible.
Correct according to whom? If you want to choose only one metric quality adjusted life years is likely the best one.
While OS may be your goal that's not the primary endpoint of screening programs.
Some examples of why OS is limited: breast lumpectomy vs mastectomy and systemic therapy or polypectomy vs neoadjuvant therapy and colonic resection are both associated with very high morbidity that is very important to patients. The vast majority of patients care about quality of life.
> "Sufficiently powered" is relative to what size of effect you want to detect--which you haven't specified, so I'm not sure how you can make the assertion that none of the studies are sufficiently powered.
We do not expect any one screening program to have a large change on overall survival because there are many ways to die, very few studies are powered to detect the small differences expected. The reference below does some modeling and discusses cancer-specific vs all-cause mortality for your perusal.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cam4.2476
> These outcomes ignore negative effects of screening on people who don't have cancer, which is why I'm not interested in them.
See morbidity discussion around delayed diagnosis above.
> And yes, there are negative effects, and no, they are not negligible.
As you're choosing to limit the discussion to overall survival, do you have any data to support the claim that screening has more than a negligible negative effect?
There is a better argument to be made for other harms of screening like cost and stress but if we want to discuss these negative effects of screening we also have to step back from overall survival and discuss morbidity benefits.
ETA:
> 2) that I'm misinterpreting something, given that I didn't really offer any interpretation at all.
This is your interpretation, and is an incorrect one:
> The evidence in favor of mass screening programs in the hope of early detection is actually weak to non-existent [1].
The evidence you cite says nothing about early detection and treatment paradigms.
