As for Debian, maintainers must still all be part of the web of trust with an application process and a registered key in the web of trust to contribute packages. https://wiki.debian.org/DebianMaintainer#step_5_:_Keyring_up...
Arch also still has each maintainer sign the packages they maintain, and there is a similar approval process to earn enough trust in your keys to become a maintainer, so there is a decentralized web of trust. Then you add reproducible builds on top of that to almost complete the story.
Signed reviews would remove the remaining SPOFs in debian and arch but sadly no one does this. Nix however does not even allow -optional- key pinning or verify signatures of any authors that choose to sign expressions or their commits, so NixOS is way behind Arch and Debian in this respect.