The other 2 cases seem pretty clear-cut and less than 0 sympathy from me personally.
FWIW, based on my experience in living in both systems there are some fundamental differences in culture that may help to get a better perspective: group has priority over individual; responsibilities / duties of the individual rather than rights; the more people you reach with what you say the higher the expectation that you will be a role model and the greater the censure if you don’t (sadly corruption and cronyism often gets in the way); a very strong “us” vs “them” mentality. I see these all the time playing out in different ways.
As for applying “western standards” I actually had a law lecturer (I studied and live in UK) argue that this sort of thing is an example of “cultural imperialism”. I would just caution that a thorough understanding of historic, social, geographical (and other) challenges should be considered before trying to import patterns from elsewhere. Governance is what we would call in IT a “hard problem”.
I’ll stop before this becomes an essay. :)