I might be thinking about this the wrong way, but with GraphQL you're writing a query (in the GraphQL syntax) on the frontend which gets whatever data the frontend needs for whatever it's doing, and that query is interpreted by the backend to fetch specific data. But if you're whitelisting specific queries, which has to be done on the backend, what if you just move the queries themselves to the backend, and call them from the frontend by specific names for shorthand? And then from there, what if you refactored it so that each "query" was just a function with an associated endpoint?
You would have a more permissive development environment where all queries are permitted. Then, once the change to FE code and related queries are finalized, you could automatically have the production whitelist updated before the FE is deployed to prod.