I really don't think it would, because investment follows the money. After the first couple of cases, businesses will adjust their practices. Again, see DMA and Apple for an example of how it's very possible to make businesses do things they wouldn't do on their own.

Let's say the US instates this. Will everyone suddenly stop investing in Apple? No, because the chance that they run foul of this would be so tiny as not to impact the RoI. For most companies like Boeing who commit this kind of gross negligence, the act in question only provides a small boost to their market value, if any.

If this still somehow shows to greatly reduce investment, there's an obvious way to alleviate this. All proceeds of the stock sales and fines, the government immediately reinvests in a basket representing the market of the country.