> For several reasons, including their relative bulkiness, vanadium batteries are typically used for grid energy storage, i.e., attached to power plants/electrical grids.

    VRFBs' main advantages over other types of battery:

    no limit on energy capacity
    can remain discharged indefinitely without damage
    ...
    wide operating temperature range including passive cooling
    long charge/discharge cycle lives: 15,000-20,000 cycles and 10–20 years.
    low levelized cost: (a few tens of cents), approaching the 2016 $0.05 target stated by the United States Department of Energy and the European Commission Strategic Energy Technology Plan €0.05 target

See also NPR's story: The U.S. made a breakthrough battery discovery — then gave the technology to China https://www.npr.org/2022/08/03/1114964240/new-battery-techno...