The parent is incorrect. You know approximately where it is. If your approximation is off by some amount, you miss. How good of an approximation you have is determined by your detection equipment. How good of an approximation you need is determined by the speed. For the same detection equipment, hitting the faster moving thing is harder.
> I'm struggling to understand the case where you are further from the destination than the x37B, with an orbit 60,000km from earth.
Well yeah, that's because the x37B interception scenario is the second case, where you are much closer to the destination but going much slower.