Type the dict as a mapping when you want immutability:
x: Mapping[int, int] = {1: 1}
x[1] = 2 # Unsupported target for indexed assignment ("Mapping[int, int]").
The only problem I've seen with this is: y = {}
y[x] = 0 # Mypy thinks this is fine. Mapping is hashable, after all!
The issue here is less that dict isn't hashable than that Mapping is, though.