Doesn't tunnel beat any of those structures in terms of cost/complexity?
The longest road tunnel in the world only cost about 100 million in the 90s for 25km so tunneling isn't always a gigantic Big Dig style clusterfuck.
In terms of legal complexity, it's fantastically easier than picking your way across and near thousands of individual plots of very expensive land owned by people with solicitors salivating at the potential fees, expensive private infrastructure, nature reserves and so on.
It is one of the things that makes living here so .. infuriating at times .. but also .. rewarding.
Always thought it seemed like a waste to not also dig out a bunch of storage while we're down there. I'm sure there are good reasons we don't
Length Tunnels Bridges Stations Cost
Koralm 130km ~50km 100 12 €6b
HS2 230km ~75km 100+ 4 €74b+
Obviously this does not give any indication of the complexity of each project. Tunnelling and building railway through a metropolis I would imagine is quite challenging.