Sadly I think the actual antenna and hardware were relatively large since it's a long wave signal, but maybe with SDR it'll all fit on the head of a pin these days.
Probably DCF77 or WWVB.
> I think the actual antenna and hardware were relatively large since it's a long wave signal
Casio has some normal sized wristwatches that synchronizes to DCF77, it would definitely fit into a stove, microwave, or basically anything.
Unfortunately there's no real way to cheat physics as far as shrinking a wavelength goes. With RF antennas about the best you can do is a major dimension 1/10th the frequency of interest.
The wavelength is around 3.8km...