Power plants are not built for specific national governments, they are built because individual people need and use the energy. More people => more powerplants (number of governments is completely irrelevant, this is purely a per-capita thing).

> When we address climate change, we have to do so at the government level

Yes. For example by setting somewhat coherent CO2/capita emission targets.

> Global warming does not care about 'fairness'

Irrelevant, because anyone affected does.

If you want a global reduction in emissions, how would you ever convince a poorer nation (like India) to change anything while your own citizens are jet-travelling around the globe multiple times per year?

It is obviously much easier and more effective to reduce emissions by limiting a family to a single cruise vacation per year (or only two cars) than to convince 10 rice farmers to stop firing their oven for heat during winter...

If rich nations can not get their emissions even close to a sustainable level, why would any developing nation sacrifice growth, wealth or anything, really, to make the attempt?

You simply can't point fingers at them.

India, fine. But it's the US driving the planet off a cliff first and foremost