Basic HTML + CSS (don't spend too much time here) + skim the Bootstrap docs (you should use Bootstrap for everything after this).
Basic JS. Go deeply into JS (inheritance, etc) if you want to do rich client-side front-end JS or Node.js (more on that choice later); otherwise that is unnecessary.
jQuery. Also learn to use AJAX with jQuery (and learn about REST/HTTP).
Basic SQL and setting up your own schemas (set up tables in the command line interface for MySQL/PostgreSQL/SQLite). I recommend Postgres.
Now pick one of 3 web backend ecosystems: Ruby, Python, or Node; and learn the language. Pick Ruby or Python if you already know one of them. Pick Node if you want to make real-time and concurrent apps or don't want to learn another language (I'm talking true realtime - i.e. collaboration tools, chat, dispatch systems, etc). Pick Python if you want to integrate machine learning/data analysis/natural language processing into your app. Otherwise, pick Ruby (best job prospects, biggest web development ecosystem).
For Ruby, start with Sinatra. For Python, Flask. For Node, use raw Node, and then use Express. Use raw SQL, then try an ORM (ActiveRecord, SQLAlchemy, Sequelize).
Optional: Rails, Django, or Meteor. (Meteor is not really comparable. It's very immature/bleeding edge and has a different use case. I put it there because it's the most popular full-stack big JS framework). I say optional because there are essentially two models for web development: server-centric (everything rendered on server and served), or api-client-side-centric (server = API, browser/mobile app = rich client side). For server-centric development you'll want to learn Rails/Django. For rich client you can stick with Sinatra/Flask (Meteor would be rich client, though).
If you do go the rich-client route, do a little Backbone. I personally never liked Backbone; if you also dislike Backbone, consider AngularJS or Ember (AngularJS is what I'm using now).
With this broad foundation, start with a longer-term project idea and build out its entire stack.
Some topics to explore after you've gotten a foundation: MongoDB/NoSQL, regular expressions, advanced CSS3, advanced HTML5 features, dev ops, socket.io (for Node), promises/fibers (for Node), CSS pre-processors, CoffeScript, d3 (front-end JS).
EDIT:
REST and ORM are merely concepts. You will learn what an ORM is by the process of first learning SQL, and comparing that to your experience with using ActiveRecord/Sequelize/SQLAlchemy. You can simply google "What is REST?", or "REST API tutorial."
As to your questions about Foundation and Go: what I've proscribed here is a foundation. Not a definite, set-in-stone path. There is certainly a lot of buzz around Go. Yet the question is not whether you should learn Go. The question is whether you, as a beginner, should learn Go now. Go is bleeding-edge and highly immature (in terms of the ecosystem). It is not something you should tackle first. As for the Foundation vs. Bootstrap debate, the reason I mention Bootstrap is because it is more or less the de-facto standard HTML/CSS framework. But ultimately it doesn't matter which you pick. I've never used Foundation but I could read the docs in an hour. This is the least of your worries. Just pick one and go with it. Baby steps.
Disclosure: I work at Code Fellows.
