It's a relatively new data format designed by Rich Hickey that has versioning and backward-compatibility baked in from the start.
EDN stands for "Extensible Data Notation". It has an extensible type system that enables you to define custom types on top of its built-in primitives, and there's no schema.
To define a type, you simply use a custom prefix/tag inline:
#wolf/pack {:alpha "Greybeard" :betas ["Frostpaw" "Blackwind" "Bloodjaw"]}
While you can register custom handlers for specific tags, properly implemented readers can read unknown types without requiring custom extensions.The motivating use case behind EDN was enabling the exchange of native data structures between Clojure and ClojureScript, but it's not Clojure specific -- implementations are starting to pop up in a growing number of languages (https://github.com/edn-format/edn/wiki/Implementations).
Here's the InfoQ video and a few threads from when it was announced:
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4487462, https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/clojure/aRUEIlAHguU, http://www.infoq.com/interviews/hickey-clojure-reader