After digging around for a while, I discovered there was no bug. The partner's client code had the auth disabled, and the pervious server was misconfigured to not require auth. All which would not have been a problem if the system just did an "if headers.auth != "Basic ..." - but buried in this forest of stuff, it was overlooked.
It seems that some developers just love their edifices. They build all this "infrastructure", expanding code by an order of magnitude or more. It's considered good and robust and so, so much writing online is dedicated to this pursuit. I think it gives those programmers a feeling of import, as if they're really architecting something, not just pushing a few form fields around.
Even on the line by line basis, it's shocking how they love verbosity. Type inference? Nope, that makes things too compact and hard to read. Higher order functions to wrap up common patterns? Too difficult to understand. I'm not sure if developers simply lack the tiny bit of extra intelligence, or if they've tried it and honestly concluded that overflowing verbosity is the key to readability. Either way, it's sad, and holding back progress slightly.