If you think characters and logic need to be on different quoting levels, you're not taking the right perspective on regular expressions. \d or \w are not an escaped d or w, they are their own atoms (or "the keywords of the language", if you will), distinct from the atoms that match the ASCII characters 0x64 and 0x77. The thing to remember with regular expressions is always the first lesson presented: (non-meta) characters match themselves, the regular expression /a/ matches the letter a. What's implied here, but rarely said, is that that's not really the letter a in there, but rather an expression that matches the letter a—it just so happens to also look like the thing it matches. This distinction is subtle, but important. This can also be made more evident by using the /x modifier if it's available to spread out the individual expressions (put space between the keywords).
The primary difference in regular expression languages is often how "logic", as you call it, is expressed. PCRE considers, for example, [ to be the character for opening a character class and \[ to match the byte 0x5b. Admittedly, this is confusing when switching engines because 1) not every character matches itself (the expression that matches a character and the character it matches are not visually the same) and 2) other RE engines have taken the opposite approach depending on if that engine was meant, by the author, to have more literal atoms or more logic in its most common use (that is, you save typing if you mean to match the byte 0x5b more frequently than if you mean to open a character class).
As for "quoting", you almost NEVER should be using things like PCRE's \Q…\E (or the quotemeta function) unless you're building regular expressions dynamically from user-input. quotemeta and friends are not readability tools, but safety tools.
My perspective on regular expressions in one of a student who was not two weeks ago introduced to the formal version of REs. In this formalism, there are basically strings and operators on these strings. We don't usually use quotes, but only because you can usually infer from context which bits are strings and which are one of the small set of operators. But when we need to match numbers with possible "+"es (the alternation operator) in front of them, out come the quotes.
In a typical programming language, we don't have the luxury of expecting the interpreter to infer things like that from context. Further, it's rather common to try to match things that would otherwise be used as metacharacters. This is exactly why quoting, in the general sense, was invented, so we can tell what's the program and what's the input.
Granted, most of my RE experience is in Python, where everything is just jammed in a string. There it's obvious that metacharacters and escapes are just a worse-is-better substitute for quasiquoting. Maybe it's different in Perl, but I'm skeptical. Strings matching themselves is cool. The problem is that it's cool enough to prevent you from realizing when you've taken the metaphor too far.
